Unfortunately, no, the FP-100C is not a replacement for the Polaroid Type 600 film. First, it's a completely different process (the picture is peeled apart instead of just spit out the front). Second, unlike Type 600 film, FP-100C has no battery in the pack of film. Lastly, the image size and pack size is completely different.

In order to use the FP-100C film, you'll need to either get a Medium Format camera with a Film Back (cost prohibitive), a Holga with a Polaroid Back (FP-100C's a tad too touchy to expect a 1 exposure fits all approach that Holga uses), or a far older Polaroid Camera, like the LandCamera 100 or The Reporter. I've had pretty amazing results from the older Polaroids I have - Land Camera 100, 210, 215, 230, and 440 as well as the Minute Maker and The Reporter - I've bought them all from Thrift Stores and all have been in working condition or better, never mind the fact that most of them are well older than I (made in 1960-70s). In fact I've used all of them (The Land Camera 100 and Reporter the most) for Emulsion Lift Projects I've been working on lately.

If you're really looking for the One-Step, there are some people in Europe who are trying to recreate and make better the Polaroid Type 600 film, so you may still have some hope. It'll take some time for them to get this all together, but if you have patience you may get to use the Polaroid again.